Insulin: The hormonal secret of the processor plays an important role, ensuring the constancy of blood glucose. Diabetes mellitus is a consequence of a deficiency of this hormone. The complications caused by the disease often lead to death. The basic principles of diabetes treatment are strict adherence to the diet, taking drugs or insulin injections, tracing the blood glucose level, observing your body so as not to miss the first signs of complications.
Pathogenesis of the disease
Diabetes mellitus is a persistent violation of the synthesis of insulin hormone and its interaction with body tissues.
Insulin processes sugar received in glucose and passes it through cell membranes. Therefore, hormone reduces the degree of blood sugar and supplies nutrition cells. Insulin deficiency with deteriorated tissue sensitivity leads to the fact that glucose does not participate in metabolism and continues to circulate through the body. Biology not only of carbohydrate metabolism is lost, but also fat, protein, water salt.
The increase in sugar increases the amount of lipid fractions in the bloodstream, which contributes to the development of atherosclerosis. The transformation of glucose into glycogen slows down and the body begins to use fat as resources. Fatty acids break down and ketone bodies appear that cause damage to the central nervous system.
Causes and current
Insulin production is altered due to the damage to the synthesization of beta cells. The main risk factor for diabetes is inheritance, which significantly improves the effect of other factors. The probability of getting sick increases with age. The causes of diabetes:
- The immune system failure. It causes the attack of the cells with a pancreas with protective proteins.
- Obesity. Reduce the reaction of hormone receptors due to excess adipose tissue (the cause of the type of diabetes).
- Pancreatic diseaseCall the death of cells that secrete hormone (pancreatitis, cancer).
- Virus infection (chickenpox pathogens, rubella, influenza).
- Nervous voltage
The disease exists in the role of independent pathology and as a temporary symptom. The causes of diabetes mellitus can be the consequences of the errors of the work of the endocrine organs (hyperthyroidism, pheochromocytoma). The symptomatic excess of glucose detected during pregnancy (including the use of IVF) is called gestational diabetes. Hyperglycemia occurs as a side effect of prolonged use of certain drugs (glucocorticoids, estrogens, psychotropic drugs), when exposed to toxic substances.
Hyperglycemia indicates diabetes only in the presence of insulin errors, the appearance of symptoms of sugar disease.
Types of Diabetic Pathology
Diabetes mellitus is a rape of carbohydrate and water metabolism in the body.
WHO classification determines two main types of disease: insulin dependent (type I) and the opposite form: insulin dependent diabetes (type II). They differ in the reasons for the appearance and details of pathogenesis, the nature of the course, have their own characteristics of treatment, but the consequences are so dangerous.
- Insulin -dependent diabetes (youth) is caused by the autoimmune aggression of the body. Affected endocrine beta cells cannot cause insulin in the necessary doses, their constant administration is required from the outside. People under 30, thin. The disease begins suddenly, progresses quickly and has a serious course.
- Dependent insulinone. The causes of diabetes disease of this type are inheritance and obesity. Insulin can occur in sufficient amounts, but cells are not sensitive to it. This is due to excess nutrients. Diabetics over 40 have a complete physique. Acquired diabetes is gradually developed, it proceeds stable. Most patients suffer from this type of disease.
Gravity
The severity of the development of diabetes mellitus in the glycemia, glucosuria stage, the degree of dysfunction of the target organs, the presence of complications is determined, which shows the compensation capabilities of the body. There are 4 grades of gravity. If diabetes passes to a slight degree, then treatment and nutrition are selected correctly. The degree of diabetes and symptoms is described in the table.
Symptoms characteristic of diabetes
The clinical signs of the disease in most cases are characterized by a gradual course.
Diabetes in adults may not be declared immediately that leads to the development of complications. Type I diabetes is quickly developing with high blood glucose and coma. The intensity of the symptoms of diabetes acquired is associated with the degree of insulin products deficiency, the individuality of the patient's body. You must go through a test to determine the degree of blood sugar, if one of the symptoms appears:
- an unusual dry mouth sensation;
- the inability to turn off the thirst;
- Improved diuresis: an increase in the amount of urine that is shown;
- fast weight loss or weight gain;
- itching and dry skin;
- reduced skin sensitivity on the feet;
- numbness, tingling in legs and arms;
- seizures, severity on the legs;
- purulent skin processes caused by a slow regeneration of the skin;
- low resistance to infections;
- constant feeling of hunger;
- vague vision;
- increased blood pressure;
- face and leg swelling;
- Head pain, fainted;
- Body acetone smell;
- Darkness of consciousness;
- pseudo -peritritin (false "sharp stomach").
The consequences of glycemia
Diabetes mellitus is an insidious disease. Excess blood sugar damages blood vessels, causes damage to the wall. Excess glucose is transformed into fat deposits. This leads to obesity and staatogepathosis (accumulation of lipids in liver cells). Glucose causes membrane protein glucolization. The oxidative process can cause the functioning of the deteriorated protein and the appearance of toxic by the products. Defective proteins cause alterations in the structure of the organs. The accumulation of toxins and ketones causes damage to the patient's nervous system, to disorders in the mind and coma. Excessive blood cholesterol is established in arterial walls in damaged areas and forms atherosclerosis plates, contributing to eye angiopathies, legs of the legs and other organs.
The degree of excess of the blood glucose level determines the complexity of the disease course.
The risk of complications
The complicated diabetes mellitus entails the danger of the life of a sick person, so it is very important to identify the ailment over time and begin treatment. The disease is aggravated for 10-15 years. The complications that appear progress quickly and it is not easy to deal with them. Acute complications with primary diabetes (hypo and hyperglycemia) are caused by acute fluctuations in blood sugar. A list of states that complicate diabetic disease:
- Hypoglycemia: a strong fall in glucose less than 3 mmol/L can lead to a hypoglycemic coma.
- Hyperglycemia: raise the sugar indicator above 6 mmol/L ends with a hyperglycemic coma.
- Ketoacidosis: Damage to neurons with ketone bodies, causing someone.
- Neuropathy: Damage to the nerves of the periphery.
- Diabetic foot, trophic ulcers and lower extremities caused by angiopathy and neuropathy.
- Nephropathy: damage to the small capillaries of the kidneys, which interrupts the functioning of the urinary system.
- Retinopathy: thinning of the vascular walls of the retina.
- Míodomyopathy: Disorders in heart muscle.
- Encephalopathy - Pathology in brain vessels.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of diabetes determines the type of disease, gravity, the presence of injuries of internal organs. Studies can be carried out repeatedly to evaluate the degree of disease progress and treatment effect. The diagnostic criteria for diabetes are characteristic signs of diabetes and the degree of glucose lifting. To confirm the diagnosis, urine and blood tests, instrumental studies are carried out:
- glucose indications with an empty stomach;
- Glycemic profile (daily vibrations);
- blood at the insulin level;
- A glucose tolerance study, the sugar ratio with an empty stomach and after carbohydrate consumption;
- glycolized hemoglobin analysis;
- Blood for biochemistry;
- General urine analysis detecting glucose, proteins;
- electrolytic blood analysis;
- acetone indicators in urine;
- Inspection of the view of the view;
- Rebell test for kidney damage;
- Abdomen ultrasound;
- cardiogram to verify the function of the heart;
- Capillarcopia, reyoscopy of the lower extremities determines the degree of defects in the vessels.
In healthy people, blood glucose level is in the range of 3. 3-5. 5 mmol/l.
Disease treatment
In the presence of suspicion of diabetes mellitus, this diagnosis must be confirmed or refuted.
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic pathology that needs to be treated for life.
The principles of diabetes treatment: control of sugar in the glucometer of the blood torrent and the prevention of complications when observing the diet and taking drugs.
An endocrinologist can treat the disease, a cardiologist, a neuropathologist, an ophthalmologist, a vascular surgeon is connected.
Modern treatment methods - medications, diet, physical education - slows down the progression of the disease.
Medications
The doctor selects the medicine, given the type of disease. Type 1 diabetes mellitus requires only insulin therapy, type 2 diabetes can be treated with sugar. The tablets act on the pancreas, increase the sensitivity of peripheral tissues. Such drugs are used:
- Sulfanyllamides.
- Biguanides
- Short and prolonged action insulin preparations. Simple insulin is administered 3-5 times a day, and long-acting insulin up to 2 doses. Perhaps the combined use of drugs.
Diet with diabetes
The treatment of diabetes certainly includes a diet with the selection of calories content, excluding easily digestible, sweet carbohydrates. Diabetes requires fractional power. At the same time, the nutrient relationship remains close to physiological. Sugar is replaced by xylitol or sorbitol. In the average and severe forms of the disease, diet No. 9 is recommended. It is allowed to eat vegetable soups, types of fish and low fat, sour milk and cheese products, cereals (sarracene wheat, barley oats), fruits, bittersweet flavor berries. You can never eat sdoba, sweets, fatty dishes, rice semolina, pasta, grapes, salty and marinated vegetables.
Prevention
The appearance of type 1 disease cannot always be influenced, since it can cause a viral pathogen. The reason for the development of type 2 diabetes is considered an unhealthy lifestyle, especially in people with inheriting previous requirements. Prevention measures If sugar disease is diagnosed: adequate nutrition in small portions with a minimum of easily digestible carbohydrates and fats, maintaining optimal body weight. Hypertension is also carried out with the control of blood pressure numbers. Periodically, blood must donate for glucose content and lipid blood fractions. Moderate physical activity will help keep the body in tone.